Assessment of the contribution of industrially processed foods to salt and iodine intake in Thailand.

Iodization of food grade salt has been mandated in Thailand since 1994. Currently, processed food consumption is increasing, triggered by higher income, urbanization, and lifestyle changes, which affects the source of salt and potentially iodized salt among the population. However, adequate information about the use of iodized salt in processed foods in Thailand is still lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess iodine intake through salt-containing processed foods and condiments which were identified using national survey data. Potential iodine intake from iodized salt in food products was modelled using consumption data and product salt content from food labelling and laboratory analysis. Fish sauce, soy sauce and seasoning sauces (salty condiments) have alternative regulation allowing for direct iodization of the final product, therefore modelling was conducted including and excluding these products. Daily salt intake from household salt and food industry salt (including salty condiments) was estimated to be 2.4 g for children 0-5 years of age, 4.6 g for children 6-12 years of age, and 11.5 g for adults. The use of iodized salt in processed foods (excluding salty condiments) met approximately 100% of the estimated average requirement (EAR) for iodine for non-pregnant adults and for children 6 to 12 years of age, and 50% of the EAR for iodine for children aged 0 to 5 years of age. In all cases, iodine intake from processed food consumption was greater than from estimated household iodized salt consumption. Findings suggest that iodized salt from processed foods is an important source of iodine intake, especially in adults. The use of iodized salt by the food industry should be enforced along with population monitoring to ensure sustainability of optimal iodine intake. Currently, the addition of iodine into fish sauce, soy sauce and seasoning sauces has an important role in achieving and sustaining optimal iodine intake.

Tracing Listeria monocytogenes contamination in artisanal cheese to the processing environments in cheese producers in southern Chile.

Artisanal cheese from southern Chile is made primarily by rural families who raise dairy cows and produce cheese as a way to add value to their milk. The most common cheese produced is chanco, a semi-hard cheese that is typically sold in unauthorized markets. The methods of chanco production do not always follow good manufacturing practices; however, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in this cheese has not been previously documented. To better understand production practices and L. monocytogenes contamination, 39 cheese producers were surveyed with regard to infrastructure, cleaning and sanitation, pest control, personal hygiene, training, raw materials, and manufacturing. During four sampling trips in 2016 (March, May, August, and November), 546 samples were collected (468 cheese samples and 78 milk samples). For producers that tested positive for L. monocytogenes, environmental monitoring was also conducted, for which 130 additional samples were collected. Presumptive L. monocytogenes isolates (N = 94) were further characterized and subtyped using standard techniques and qPCR-based species/subtype verification; a subset of 52 isolates were also subtyped by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). L. monocytogenes was found in 19 cheeses (4.1%) from five producers (12.8%). The most frequent serotypes were 1/2b (48.9%), group 4B (4b, 4d, 4e) (45.7%), and serotype 1/2a (5.4%). Although no milk samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes, all cheese samples from two producers tested positive during two of the samplings. Distinct PFGE types were recovered from each facility, demonstrating persistence of certain subtypes of the pathogen that ultimately caused end-product contamination. Environmental monitoring of the five positive producers revealed a prevalence of L. monocytogenes ranging from 0 to 30%, with food contact surfaces having the highest incidence of this organism. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of L. monocytogenes incidence in artisanal cheese in the region of southern Chile.

Consumo de comida chatarra en escolares / Junk food consumption in schoolchildren

La alimentación poco saludable representa un problema de salud grave en todo el mundo. Las dietas altas en grasas y bajas en productos y granos enteros son comunes. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el consumo de comida chatarra en la población escolar de Honduras, en junio de 2018. Material y MÉTODOS: Estudio no experimental, descriptivo, transversal. El universo estaba constituido por todos los niños en edad escolar de 5 a 15 años, que cursaban los grados de primero a sexto, en las escuelas públicas de Honduras. Mediante una técnica de muestreo estratificada; los centros de educación primaria se obtuvieron por técnica aleatoria simple, y la población a estudiar mediante técnica aleatoria probabilística. Se obtuvo una muestra de 7020 escolares. Se tomaron 10 escolares, por cada uno de los 6 grados. RESULTADOS: La comida chatarra más consumida fue el churro con un 92.9% de escolares, seguido por las bebidas carbonatadas con 80.4% escolares y el pollo frito con 76.6% de los escolares. DISCUSIÓN: Para Palenzuela et al. más de la mitad de los adolescentes consumen refrescos de forma diaria y la ingesta de golosinas se hace en más de una ocasión al día en el 18% de los adolescentes estudiados. Lo que discrepa de los datos de este estudio. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontró que la mayor parte de encuestados fueron de primer grado, del sexo femenino, con un ingreso menor a 6 dólares diarios. Hay un número importante de escolares que consumen algún tipo de comida chatarra con frecuencia. El mayor consumo fue de churros, bebidas carbonatadas y pollo frito y, tanto en raciones por día, como veces por semana; consumiendo en con mayor frecuencia la comida chatarra en sus casas

Unhealthy eating represents a serious health problem worldwide. Diets high in fat and low in products and whole grains are common. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the consumption of junk food in the school population of Honduras, in June 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The universe was made up of all schoolage children from 5 to 15 years old, who were in grades one to six, in public schools in Honduras. Through a stratified sampling technique; Primary education centers were obtained using a simple random technique, and the population to be studied using a probabilistic random technique. A sample of 7020 schoolchildren was obtained. 10 schoolchildren were taken for each of the 6 grades. RESULTS: The most consumed junk food was churro with 92.9% of schoolchildren, followed by carbonated drinks with 80.4% schoolchildren and fried chicken with 76.6% of schoolchildren. DISCUSSION: For Palenzuela et al. more than half of the adolescents consume soft drinks daily and the ingestion of sweets is done more than once a day in 18% of the adolescents studied. This is disagrees with the data from this study. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that most of the respondents were first grade, female, with an income of less than 6 dollars a day. There are a significant number of schoolchildren who consume some form of junk food frequently. The highest consumption was churros, carbonated drinks and fried chicken and, both in portions per day and times per week; consuming junk food more frequently at home

Distribution and Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in a Heavily Contaminated Poultry Processing Facility.

We studied the colonization and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in a heavily contaminated poultry processing plant over a 1-year period. A total of 180 nonfood contact surfaces, 70 food contact surfaces, 29 personnel, and 40 food samples were analyzed. L. monocytogenes isolates were subtyped by PCR serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing. L. monocytogenes was detected in samples collected at every visit to the plant, and 43.8% (visit 4) to 65.6% (visit 7) of samples were positive, for an overall prevalence of 55.2%. The deboning area had the highest prevalence of positive samples (83.3%), and the processing area had the highest diversity of PFGE types. Ninety percent of the final products were positive for L. monocytogenes. Most of the isolates belonged to well-known persistent L. monocytogenes sequence types (ST9 and ST121). This study illustrates a well-established L. monocytogenes contamination problem in a poultry processing plant associated with a generalized failure of the food safety system as a whole. These findings reflect the potential for L. monocytogenes contamination when the food safety and quality management system is unsatisfactory, as described in the present study. It is essential to revise food safety and quality management systems to eliminate L. monocytogenes from food processing facilities, to control the entrance of sporadic sequence types, and to prevent L. monocytogenes spread within such facilities, especially in those premises with higher L. monocytogenes prevalence in the environment and final food products.

Occupational injuries and diseases in fish farming in Finland 1996-2015.

BACKGROUND: The agriculture, forestry and fishing industry sector has high rates of occupational injuries. Fishing has globally particularly high occupational fatality rates, but injuries and illnesses to people working in its sub-sectors, aquaculture and fish farming, are not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study characterised injuries and occupational diseases to fish farmers and people employed on fish farms in Finland using national employment and accident insurance (workers' compensation) data. RESULTS: A total of 392 injuries and 18 occupational diseases were compensated during 1996 to 2015 to fish farmers and people employed on fish farms in Finland. The average injury rate was 3.2 injuries per 100 employed persons with no significant trend over time. Two of the injuries were fatal. Injured persons were primarily male (87.2%), in 45-54 year age group (39.1%), and working in coastal areas (49%). Com- mon injury characteristics included: incident type: slips, trips, and falls (37%); location: building, structure or ground level surface (28%); injured body part: hand or finger (25%); type of injury: dislocation, sprain, strain (35%); and lost worktime: 1 to 2 weeks (26.9%). Seven out of 18 occupational diseases occurred to women, most resulting in cumulative trauma from fish processing. CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate in fish farming corresponds to rate in all industries combined in Finland, and is higher than the rate in available Nordic statistics on fish farming. Fish farming injuries could be reduced further by slip resistant surfaces, protection of hands and fingers and ergonomics in processing.

Processing plant and machinery sanitation and hygiene practices associate with Listeria monocytogenes occurrence in ready-to-eat fish products.

Listeria monocytogenes causes the foodborne illness listeriosis, which exhibits high fatality among people in risk groups. The incidence of listeriosis has increased in Europe, which raises concerns about L. monocytogenes occurrence in foodstuffs. Ready-to-eat seafood products are considered particularly risky vehicles. Poor hygiene at processing facilities predisposes them to L. monocytogenes contamination, which can be controlled by stringent self-checking system measures. We examined the association of fish-processing plant operational and hygiene practices with the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged gravad (cold-salted) and cold-smoked salmon and rainbow trout products. Product sampling of 21 fish-processing plants was carried out, and operational procedures relating to L. monocytogenes control were surveyed using an in-depth risk assessment questionnaire. L. monocytogenes occurred only in sliced and mainly in gravad products of seven fish-processing plants. Shortages in preventive measures were discovered predominantly among the L. monocytogenes positive fish-processing plants. Using generalized linear modeling, we identified the following features associated with L. monocytogenes product contamination: the number of processing machines, deficiencies in the processing environment and machinery sanitation, and staff movement from areas of low toward high hygiene. Furthermore, performing frequent periodic thorough sanitation alongside everyday sanitation practices associated with a decreased risk of product contamination.

Public health and the ultra-processed food and drink products industry: corporate political activity of major transnationals in Latin America and the Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE: To identify examples of the 'corporate political activity' (CPA) of the industry producing and selling ultra-processed food and drink products (UPP) in Latin America and the Caribbean. DESIGN: Searches were conducted on the national websites and social media accounts of large industry actors. Coding was deductive and based on a framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry. SETTING: Fifteen countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.ParticipantsTwelve members of the International Food and Beverage Alliance (IFBA) and major trade associations and chambers of commerce in the region. RESULTS: During the current pilot study, more than 200 examples of CPA were found in Latin America and the Caribbean. The UPP industry lobbied governments during the development of national health policies. UPP companies tried to build alliances with health professionals, but also with communities where they operated and with policy makers. In addition, the UPP industry fought against regulation in court and proposed weaker alternatives to public health policies, such as self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Food systems in low- and middle-income countries, including in Latin America and the Caribbean, are increasingly penetrated by the UPP industry. These countries are at risk of being influenced by the CPA strategies described in the present study. There is a need to further identify, monitor and evaluate the impact of these CPA strategies on public health policies and public opinion in the region, in order to develop mechanisms to effectively prevent such interference.

Ultra-processed food intake and mortality in the USA: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between ultra-processed food intake and all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults. DESIGN: Prospective analyses of reported frequency of ultra-processed food intake in 1988-1994 and all-cause mortality and CVD mortality through 2011. SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994).ParticipantsAdults aged ≥20 years (n 11898). RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 19 years, individuals in the highest quartile of frequency of ultra-processed food intake (e.g. sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverages, sweetened milk, sausage or other reconstructed meats, sweetened cereals, confectionery, desserts) had a 31% higher risk of all-cause mortality, after adjusting for demographic and socio-economic confounders and health behaviours (adjusted hazard ratio=1·31; 95% CI 1·09, 1·58; P-trend = 0·001). No association with CVD mortality was observed (P-trend=0·86). CONCLUSIONS: Higher frequency of ultra-processed food intake was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality in a representative sample of US adults. More longitudinal studies with dietary data reflecting the modern food supply are needed to confirm our results.

Injury and illness among onshore workers in Alaska's seafood processing industry: Analysis of workers' compensation claims, 2014-2015.

BACKGROUND: Alaska's onshore seafood processing industry is economically vital and hazardous. METHODS: Accepted Alaska workers' compensation claims data from 2014 to 2015 were manually reviewed and coded with the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System and associated work activity. Workforce data were utilized to calculate rates. RESULTS: 2,889 claims of nonfatal injuries/illnesses were accepted for compensation. The average annual claim rate was 63 per 1000 workers. This was significantly higher than Alaska's all-industry rate of 44 claims per 1000 workers (RR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.37-1.48). The most frequently occurring injuries/illnesses, were by nature, sprains/strains/tears (n = 993, 36%); by body part, upper limbs (1212, 43%); and by event, contact with objects/equipment (1020, 37%) and overexertion/bodily reaction (933, 34%). Incidents associated with seafood processing/canning/freezing (n = 818) frequently involved: repetitive motion; overexertion while handling pans, fish, and buckets; and contact with fish, pans, and machinery. CONCLUSIONS: Ergonomic and safety solutions should be implemented to prevent musculoskeletal injuries/illnesses in seafood processing.

Identification of Sources of Endotoxin Exposure as Input for Effective Exposure Control Strategies.

Objective: Aim of the present study is to investigate the levels of endotoxins on product samples from potatoes, onions, and seeds, representing a relevant part of the agro-food industry in the Netherlands, to gather valuable insights in possibilities for exposure control measures early in the process of industrial processing of these products. Methods: Endotoxin levels on 330 products samples from companies representing the potato, onion, and seed (processing) industry (four potato-packaging companies, five potato-processing companies, five onion-packaging companies, and four seed-processing companies) were assessed using the Limulus Amboecyte Lysate (LAL) assay. As variation in growth conditions (type of soil, growth type) and product characteristics (surface roughness, dustiness, size, species) are assumed to influence the level of endotoxin on products, different types, and growth conditions were considered when collecting the samples. Additionally, waste material, rotten products, felt material (used for drying), and process water were collected. Results: A large variation in the endotoxin levels was found on samples of potatoes, onions, and seeds (overall geometric standard deviation 17), in the range between 0.7 EU g-1 to 16400000 EU g-1. The highest geometric mean endotoxin levels were found in plant material (319600 EU g-1), followed by soil material (49100 EU g-1) and the outer side of products (9300 EU g-1), indicating that removal of plant and soil material early in the process would be an effective exposure control strategy. The high levels of endotoxins found in the limited number of samples from rotten onions indicate that these rotten onions should also be removed early in the process. Mean endotoxin levels found in waste material (only available for seed processing) is similar to the level found in soil material, although the range is much larger. On uncleaned seeds, higher endotoxin levels were found than on cleaned seeds, indicating that cleaning processes are important control measures and also that the waste material should be handled with care. Conclusions: Although endotoxin levels in batches of to-be-processed potatoes, onions, and seeds vary quite dramatically, it could be concluded that rotten products, plant material, and waste material contain particularly high endotoxin levels. This information was used to propose control measures to reduce exposure to endotoxins of workers during the production process.

[Seroepidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection among employees in a pork food processing enterprise].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the situation of seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection among employees in a pork food processing enterprise in Dongtai City. METHODS: Totally 200 employees from a pork food processing enterprise in Dongtai City were selected as the research objects. The venous blood of the selected population was extracted and the IgG antibody against T. gondii in serum was detected by ELISA, and the results were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 200 employees, 36 cases were positive in IgG antibody detection, the positive rate was 18.0%. The positive rate of IgG antibody among workers with different length of service was significantly different (χ2 = 9.813, P < 0.05). With the increase of working age, the positive rate of IgG antibody gradually increased. The positive rate of IgG antibody to T. gondii was significantly higher in the population who had frequent contact with animals. CONCLUSIONS: The positive rate of IgG antibody against T. gondii in employees in pork food processing enterprises is high. Therefore, the detection of antibodies against T. gondii and health education should be strengthened in this population.

Food-Processing Wastes.

Literature published in 2016 and early 2017 related to food processing wastes treatment for industrial applications are reviewed. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food processing industries and applications: general, meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, dairy and beverage, and miscellaneous treatment of food wastes.

Occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide during large-scale cassava processing, in Alagoas State, Brazil.

The cassava roots used for flour production contain high amounts of cyanogenic glycosides and are, therefore, potential hydrogen cyanide (HCN) releasers. This fact is the cause of an increasing health concern in the sector of cassava processing. Brazilian workers engaged in the flour production may be chronically exposed to HCN in levels above the safety limits. This hypothesis is based on the drastic reduction in cyanide content of cassava roots during a traditional Brazilian method of processing and in the physical properties of the compound, which makes it very susceptible to volatilization and air contamination. As an attempt to explore this issue, HCN exposure in Brazilian "flour houses" was evaluated in this study through environmental and biological monitoring. Four flour houses placed in Alagoas State, Brazil, were investigated. The results indicated that the cassava processors are chronically exposed to HCN at average levels between 0.464 and 3.328mg/m3 (TWA), in the work environment. This range is below the TLV-C of 5mg/m3 but not below the Action Level of 2.5mg/m3. These data may be interpreted as a possible risk to susceptible individuals. Additionally, the biological monitoring indicated a high cyanide exposure in the population study, considering urinary thiocyanate (SCN-) levels.

Analysis of a voluntary initiative to reduce sodium in processed and ultra-processed food products in Argentina: the views of public and private sector representatives.

The Less Salt, More Life program was the first voluntary salt reduction initiative in Argentina. This article analyzes the perspectives of the stakeholders involved in this voluntary agreement between the Ministry of Health and the food industry to gradually reduce sodium content in processed foods. This exploratory case study used a qualitative approach including 29 in-depth interviews with stakeholders from the public and private sectors and identified the role of the different stakeholders and their perceptions regarding the challenges encountered in the policy process that contribute to the debate on public-private partnerships in health policies. The article also discusses the initiative's main challenges and controversies.

Temporal and spatial analysis of psittacosis in association with poultry farming in the Netherlands, 2000-2015.

BACKGROUND: Human psittacosis is a highly under diagnosed zoonotic disease, commonly linked to psittacine birds. Psittacosis in birds, also known as avian chlamydiosis, is endemic in poultry, but the risk for people living close to poultry farms is unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of human psittacosis infections and identify possible associations with poultry farming in the Netherlands. METHODS: We analysed data on 700 human cases of psittacosis notified between 01-01-2000 and 01-09-2015. First, we studied the temporal behaviour of psittacosis notifications by applying wavelet analysis. Then, to identify possible spatial patterns, we applied spatial cluster analysis. Finally, we investigated the possible spatial association between psittacosis notifications and data on the Dutch poultry sector at municipality level using a multivariable model. RESULTS: We found a large spatial cluster that covered a highly poultry-dense area but additional clusters were found in areas that had a low poultry density. There were marked geographical differences in the awareness of psittacosis and the amount and the type of laboratory diagnostics used for psittacosis, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the correlation between the large cluster and poultry density. The multivariable model showed that the presence of chicken processing plants and slaughter duck farms in a municipality was associated with a higher rate of human psittacosis notifications. The significance of the associations was influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of farm density in the model. CONCLUSIONS: Our temporal and spatial analyses showed weak associations between poultry-related variables and psittacosis notifications. Because of the low number of psittacosis notifications available for analysis, the power of our analysis was relative low. Because of the exploratory nature of this research, the associations found cannot be interpreted as evidence for airborne transmission of psittacosis from poultry to the general population. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of C. psittaci in Dutch poultry. Also, efforts to promote PCR-based testing for C. psittaci and genotyping for source tracing are important to reduce the diagnostic deficit, and to provide better estimates of the human psittacosis burden, and the possible role of poultry.

Lung function and prevalence of respiratory symptoms in Norwegian crab processing workers.

BACKGROUND: Seafood processing workers have an increased risk of developing occupational asthma. This has not been studied among Norwegian crab processing workers, nor has the respiratory health of exposed workers been compared to a control group. OBJECTIVES: Assessing the impact of working in the crab processing industry on workers' respiratory health. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of the respiratory health in two types of crab processing workers compared to a control group. METHODS: The study included 148 king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) workers, 70 edible crab (Cancer pagurus) workers and 215 controls. Workers answered a questionnaire and performed spirometry measurements. χ2 and Fishers exact tests were performed on self-reported respiratory symptoms. Regression analyses and t-tests were used to assess lung function values. RESULTS: Self-reported respiratory symptoms were higher among crab processing workers compared to controls, and higher among king crab workers compared to edible crab workers. There was no significant difference between crab processing workers and controls in lung function measurements. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma prevalence was highest in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Increased respiratory symptoms reported by crab processing workers were not reflected in impaired lung function values or asthma diagnose. We suggest a healthy worker effect among crab processing workers in Norway.

Food loss rate in food supply chain using material flow analysis.

The food loss rate is a factor that represents food consumption efficiency. To improve food consumption efficiency, we need to fundamentally quantify food loss at national and global levels. This study examines food and food waste flow and calculates the food loss rate in the food supply chain by targeting Japan. We analyzed inedible food waste and avoidable food losses in wholesale, manufacturing, retail, food services, and households and considered different supply chain pathways, different food categories representing whole Japanese meals, and weight changes after cooking. The results are as follows: (1) Japan has an overall rate of avoidable food losses of approximately 15% for meals (excluding agricultural losses), (2) the supply sector with the highest food loss rate is food services, and (3) the food category with the highest food loss rate is vegetables. Finally, we proposed a model for calculating food loss rates that could be used for future analysis in Japan or other countries.

The Effect of a Workplace-Based Early Intervention Program on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Compensation Outcomes at a Poultry Meat Processing Plant.

Introduction The aim of this study is to determine whether a workplace-based early intervention injury prevention program reduces work-related musculoskeletal compensation outcomes in poultry meat processing workers. Methods A poultry meatworks in Queensland, Australia implemented an onsite early intervention which included immediate reporting and triage, reassurance, multidisciplinary participatory consultation, workplace modifica tion and onsite physiotherapy. Secondary pre-post analyses of the meatworks' compensation data over 4 years were performed, with the intervention commencing 2 years into the study period. Outcome measures included rate of claims, costs per claim and work days absent at an individual claim level. Where possible, similar analyses were performed on data for Queensland's poultry meat processing industry (excluding the meatworks used in this study). Results At the intervention meatworks, in the post intervention period an 18 % reduction in claims per 1 million working hours (p = 0.017) was observed. Generalized linear modelling revealed a significant reduction in average costs per claim of $831 (OR 0.74; 95 % CI 0.59-0.93; p = 0.009). Median days absent was reduced by 37 % (p = 0.024). For the poultry meat processing industry over the same period, generalized linear modelling revealed no significant change in average costs per claim (OR 1.02; 95 % CI 0.76-1.36; p = 0.91). Median days absent was unchanged (p = 0.93). Conclusion The introduction of an onsite, workplace-based early intervention injury prevention program demonstrated positive effects on compensation outcomes for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in poultry meat processing workers. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings of the present study.

Occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide during large-scale cassava processing, in Alagoas State, Brazil / Exposição ocupacional ao cianeto de hidrogênio durante a produção industrial da farinha de mandioca no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil / Exposición ocupacional al cianuro de hidrógeno durante la producción industrial de la harina de mandioca en el estado de Alagoas, Brasil

Abstract: The cassava roots used for flour production contain high amounts of cyanogenic glycosides and are, therefore, potential hydrogen cyanide (HCN) releasers. This fact is the cause of an increasing health concern in the sector of cassava processing. Brazilian workers engaged in the flour production may be chronically exposed to HCN in levels above the safety limits. This hypothesis is based on the drastic reduction in cyanide content of cassava roots during a traditional Brazilian method of processing and in the physical properties of the compound, which makes it very susceptible to volatilization and air contamination. As an attempt to explore this issue, HCN exposure in Brazilian "flour houses" was evaluated in this study through environmental and biological monitoring. Four flour houses placed in Alagoas State, Brazil, were investigated. The results indicated that the cassava processors are chronically exposed to HCN at average levels between 0.464 and 3.328mg/m3 (TWA), in the work environment. This range is below the TLV-C of 5mg/m3 but not below the Action Level of 2.5mg/m3. These data may be interpreted as a possible risk to susceptible individuals. Additionally, the biological monitoring indicated a high cyanide exposure in the population study, considering urinary thiocyanate (SCN-) levels.

Resumo: As raízes da mandioca utilizadas na produção de farinha contêm altos teores de glicosídeos cianogênicos; portanto, representam fontes potenciais de liberação de cianeto de hidrogênio. Esse fato causa preocupação crescente quanto à saúde dos trabalhadores na indústria de processamento da mandioca. Os trabalhadores brasileiros na produção da farinha de mandioca podem estar cronicamente expostos ao cianeto de hidrogênio em níveis acima dos limites seguros. Essa hipótese é baseada na redução drástica do nível de cianeto nas raízes da mandioca durante o método tradicional de processamento no Brasil, e nas propriedades físicas do composto, fazendo com que seja altamente suscetível à volatilização e à contaminação atmosférica. Para explorar essa questão, o estudo avaliou a exposição ao cianeto de hidrogênio em casas de farinha brasileiras através da monitorização ambiental e biológica. Foram estudadas quatro casas de farinha localizadas no Estado de Alagoas. Os resultados mostraram que os trabalhadores no processamento da mandioca estão expostos cronicamente ao cianeto de hidrogênio em níveis médios entre 0,464 e 3,328mg/m3 (TWA). Essa faixa é abaixo do TLV-C de 5mg/m3, mas não abaixo do Nível de Ação de 2,5mg/m3. Os dados podem ser interpretados como de risco potencial para os indivíduos suscetíveis. Além disso, a monitorização biológica indicou exposição elevada ao cianeto na população do estudo, considerando os níveis urinários de tiocianato.

Resumen: Las raíces de la mandioca, utilizadas en la producción de harina contiene altas proporciones de glucósidos cianogénicos; por tanto, representan fuentes potenciales de liberación de cianuro de hidrógeno. Este hecho causa una preocupación creciente, en cuanto a la salud de los trabajadores en la industria de procesamiento de la mandioca. Los trabajadores brasileños en la producción de harina de mandioca pueden estar crónicamente expuestos al cianuro de hidrógeno a niveles superiores de los límites seguros. Esta hipótesis está basada en la reducción drástica del nivel de cianuro en las raíces de la mandioca durante el método tradicional de procesamiento en Brasil, y en las propiedades físicas del compuesto, provocando que sea altamente susceptible a la volatilización y a la contaminación atmosférica. Para explorar esta cuestión, el estudio evalúo la exposición al cianuro de hidrógeno en fábricas de harina brasileñas, a través de la monitorización ambiental y biológica. Se estudiaron cuatro fábricas de harina localizadas en el estado de Alagoas. Los resultados mostraron que los trabajadores en el procesamiento de la mandioca están expuestos crónicamente al cianuro de hidrógeno en niveles medios entre 0,464 y 3,328mg/m3 (TWA). Esta franja está por debajo del TLV-C de 5mg/m3, pero no por debajo del nivel de acción de 2,5mg/m3. Los datos pueden ser interpretados como de riesgo potencial para los individuos susceptibles. Además, la monitorización biológica indicó exposición elevada al cianuro en la población del estudio, considerando los niveles urinarios de tíocianato.

Analysis of a voluntary initiative to reduce sodium in processed and ultra-processed food products in Argentina: the views of public and private sector representatives / Análisis de una iniciativa voluntaria para reducir el sodio en productos procesados y ultra-procesados en Argentina: perspectivas de los representantes del sector público y privado / Análise de uma iniciativa voluntária para reduzir o teor de sódio em produtos alimentícios processados e ultra-processados na Argentina: as perspectivas de representantes dos setores público e privado

Abstract: The Less Salt, More Life program was the first voluntary salt reduction initiative in Argentina. This article analyzes the perspectives of the stakeholders involved in this voluntary agreement between the Ministry of Health and the food industry to gradually reduce sodium content in processed foods. This exploratory case study used a qualitative approach including 29 in-depth interviews with stakeholders from the public and private sectors and identified the role of the different stakeholders and their perceptions regarding the challenges encountered in the policy process that contribute to the debate on public-private partnerships in health policies. The article also discusses the initiative's main challenges and controversies.

El programa Menos Sal, Más Vida fue la primera iniciativa voluntaria para la reducción de la sal en Argentina. Este artículo analiza las perspectivas de los representantes del sector público y privado involucrados en este acuerdo voluntario, entre el Ministerio de Salud y la industria alimentaria, para reducir gradualmente el contenido de sodio en las comidas procesadas. Este estudio de caso se basó en una aproximación cualitativa, incluyendo 29 entrevistas en profundidad, con las partes interesadas del sector público y privado e identificó el papel de los mismos y sus percepciones respecto a los desafíos enfrentados durante el proceso, con el fin de contribuir al debate de las colaboraciones público-privadas en políticas de salud. El artículo también discute los principales desafíos y controversias.

O programa Menos Sal, Mais Vida foi a primeira iniciativa voluntária para reduzir o teor de sal em produtos alimentícios na Argentina. O artigo analisa as perspectivas dos atores envolvidos nesse acordo voluntário entre o Ministério da Saúde e a indústria alimentícia para reduzir gradualmente o teor de sódio nos alimentos processados. O estudo de caso exploratório utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa com 29 entrevistas em profundidade com representantes dos setores público e privado, e identificou o papel dos diversos atores e suas percepções quanto aos desafios enfrentados no processo político, contribuindo para o debate sobre parcerias público-privadas em políticas de saúde. O artigo também discute os principais desafios e controvérsias dessa iniciativa.